Ancient Kabbalistic sword which was in the possession of Rabbi Hillel of Kolomyya and then passed on to his son-in-law, the author of Lev Ivri , Rabbi Akiva Yosef Schlesinger. Hungary, 15th century.
Sword with an ivory handle and metal blade engraved with pure gold letters. The letters join together to form words in Hebrew that create the Tetragrammaton, and other Names and verse excerpts. The engraving of the letters was done using special craftsmanship during the blade’s casting, which preserved the inscription in the best possible manner, even with the passage of hundreds of years since the sword was made, including the special gold sheen. Due to the sword’s sanctity and the Names engraved on it, Rabbi Akiva Yosef Schlesinger prepared a special cloth case for it, something like a tefillin bag. He wrote his name and address in Jerusalem on the case, by hand, in a foreign language.
Rabbi Akiva Yosef Schlesinger attested that this sword was found by a Jewish officer in 1848, at the height of the “Spring of Nations” war which swept through Europe demanding liberty and equality. Rebellion broke out in Hungary as well. (Hungarian Jews, as usual, were among the rebel leaders; the first victim of the rebellion was a Jew, a student at the local technological college, Heinrich Shpitzer). In the storm of the battles, the masses conquered the famous Petrovaradin Fortress (currently next to Novi Sad, Serbia). This officer discovered the exquisite sword with Hebrew letters engraved on the blade among the ruins of the Fortress. Despite rust stains on the blade, the beauty of the gold letters was not the least bit dulled. The Jewish officer understood that this was not only a historic sword, but a holy one, a sword with the Tetragrammaton engraved on it. He felt a moral obligation to bring it to one of the leading rabbis of Hungary, Rabbi Hillel Lichtenstein of Kolomyya, the leading zealot of Hungary, and disciple of the Chata” m Sofer. After about twenty years, Rabbi Hillel gave the sword to his son-in-law, Rabbi Akiva Yosef Schlesinger, author of HaLev HaIvri – one of the rabbinic leaders of Hungary and Jerusalem, and disciple of the Ktav Sofer and the Mahara”m Schick. This was to be as a protection, when he ascended to Jerusalem, which was a dangerous place in those times. Rabbi Akiva Yosef Schlesinger wrote in his book that he paid his father-in-law “A gold ring with a brilliant [diamond]” for it.
Rabbi Akiva Yosef Schlesinger and his father-in-law, Rabbi Hillel of Kolomyya treated this sword with reverence. Rabbi Akiva Yosef, aside from being a halachic adjudicator, also known for his Kabbalistic greatness, published a halachic-Kabbalistic study of this sword and the holy Names engraved on it (a photocopy of this study in Rabbi Akiva Yosef Schlesinger’s hand is included). In this treatise, he deliberates various theories about the source of the sword, and its beginning, and arrives at King David and his General, Yoav ben Tzeruyah. He writes that there is a tradition that Yoav ben Tzeruyah conquered Hungary and there is a nearby mountain with “Yoav ben Tzeruyah arrived until this point” engraved on one of the rocks. Another source in his study is the book Seder HaDorot which states that Methuselah had a sword engraved with the Tetragrammaton. The sword went from him to Ya’akov our patriarch, and so forth. Rabbi Akiva Yosef Schlesinger explains the reasons that brought about inscribing holy Names on the war swords. The first reason, obviously, was for protection and defense. The second reason was to relate the weapon’s purity. Another reason was to turn the sword into a kind of amulet so that is would be permissible to carry on Shabbat, and this is also the reason – according to Rabbi Akiva Yosef Schlesinger – for the relatively small dimensions of the sword, so that it would be used for other things, like cutting food, and this would make it permissible to carry.
Historians of Hungarian Jewry (and also in Hungarian-Jewish folklore, ) speak almost unanimously about a sword bearing Hebrew script with great importance, which they call “The holy sword of Hungarian Jewry, ” a sword which constitutes a source of many legends. This special attention can be explained by the fact that Jews were generally not allowed to bear arms in medieval Europe (nevertheless, there were several instances in Hungarian history when some of the Jews were allowed to do so.)
One of the most important exhibits in the Jewish Museum in Budapest is a sword with an inscription similar to the one on this sword, but that sword bears the engraving in silver, not in gold. That sword had been in Count Andrássy’s family’s possession, and was acquired by the museum in 1951. Experts’ estimates of the sword’s age range from between the 14th and 18th centuries. The historians have differing opinions about the source of that sword. Historian Samuel Kohn in his book HaHistoriah shel HaYehudim B’Hungariah (p. 884) is of the opinion that the sword was made for a high-ranking Jew by a Jewish craftsman. Professor Shivar, in the expanded English edition of the book Jewish Ketubot in Hungary (pp. 390-391) expresses the opinion that the creator of the silver-engraved sword, unlike his customer, was not Jewish. Otherwise, in his opinion, he would not have used the Tetragrammaton known for its sanctity among Jews. Professor Moses Reichman from the Rabbinical Institute in Budapest goes further: the owner of the sword was not Jewish, but a Protestant aristocrat. This is due to it being prohibited for Jews of that era to bear weapons. Despite this, in the Jewish-Hungarian Lexicon (p. 352), under the title “The Hebrew-Engraved Sword” describes the sword as the Hungarian Jewish elder’s sword (their moniker for the leaders of Hungarian Jewry). According to sources in period literature, during the reception held by the Jewish community in 1476 in honor of King Matthias of Hungary when he brought his fiancée from Italy, “The Jewish Elder [Rabbi Ya’akov Mendel] rode a white horse at the front of the procession, the holy sword inscribed ‘Hash-m Uzi’ in his hand.”
The sword before us (in contrast to the sword in the museum which was in the possession of non-Jews), remained a Jewish possession most of the time, and was in the possession of two rabbinical leaders, who left much written about it. The signature of the author of Lev HaIvri is even displayed on its case. According to carbon dating tests done on the sword at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland, and by the Israel Antiquities Authority (test results included), the sword dates to 1473-1662. When the existence of the sword before us became known, different in form, but with the identical inscription, the Jewish Museum in Budapest published an in-depth study about the two swords;
museum link: http://www.zsido.hu/tortenelem/kard.htm
The study deals with the ages of the swords; the inscriptions they bear; the authenticity of the legends surrounding them, and more.
Conclusions from this study include, inter alia:
1. The sword with the gold engraving is an original Jewish-Hungarian creation, that until now was known only to a very small circle. It remained a Jewish possession most of the time. It is “The holy sword of Hungarian Jewry.”
2. The sword with the silver engraving is also a Jewish creation, and the owner may have been wealthier than the owner of the gold sword.
3. In the case of the silver sword, it cannot be ruled out that it was made by a Jewish craftsman as a copy of the gold sword, and given as a gift of appreciation to Count Andrássy for protection of the Jewish community in Buda.
4. At the time of the sword(s)’ creation, in Buda, in the Turkish era, according to several sources, Jews were permitted to bear weapons, and they had high economic and political standing.
5. The Hebrew inscription on the sword has mystic, Kabbalistic significance, and the verses on it were selected intentionally and created in a Kabbalistic manner (circled). For Divine help and protection.
The holy gaon Rabbi Hillel Lichtenstein [1811-1891] was one of the foremost disciples of the Chata”m Sofer, who considered him very important, reciting the verse regarding him “Kodesh Hillulim L’Hash-m” (Hillulim=Hallel). Rabbi Hillel served in the rabbinate of: Margareten, Klausenberg, Szikszó and Kolomyya. He was known as a famous sermonizer, and considered the leading zealot of Hungary of his time. He was revered by leading rabbis of his generation, Rabbi Chaim of Sanz, author of Divrei Chaim, said of him: “Anyone who questions him, it is as if he is questioning the Divine Presence.” His responsa are printed in his book Teshuvot Beit Hillel and his sermons were printed in his books: Maskil El Dal , Et La’Asot and others.
Rabbi Akiva Yosef Schlesinger [1837-1922] was one of the rabbinic leaders of Hungary and of Jerusalem. He was a disciple of the Ktav Sofer and the Mahara”m Schick. He was born in Pressburg and ascended to Jerusalem in 1870. His works include: El HeAdarim ; Tzava’at Moshe ; Lev HaIvri , Beit Yosef Chadash ; Brit Olam ; Shu”t Rabi Akiva Yosef and more.
The sword’s length is 33 cm (23-cm-blade and 10-cm-hilt). The blade is made of iron and the hilt is ivory; fine condition. Blemish to the top of the hilt. Wrapped in a fabric case made by Rabbi Akiva Yosef Schlesinger and placed in a designated leather box.
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